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مدير ومالك المنتديان
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بعض القواعد المترجمة من الانجليزية إلى العربية
 
بعض القواعد المترجمة من الانجليزية إلى العربية
سوف نبدأ أولاً بتعريف الترجمة
What is translation?a
The word translation derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and fero, together meaning "to carry across" or "to bring across").a
The study of translation has been dominated by the debate about its status as an art or a science, so we shall begin with this issue
Translation is the expression in another language (or target language) of what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalences. a
Translation is the replacement of the representation of a text in one language by a representation of an equivalent text in a second language.a
To shift from one language to another is, by definition, to alter the forms. Further, the contrasting forms covey meanings that cannot but fail to coincide totally; there is no absolute synonymy between words in the same language, so why should anyone be surprised to discover a lack of synonymy between languages? a
Oxford dictionary defines translation as the replacement of the forms of one language in another language; i.e. the achieve means of exchanging information between different languages communities.a
Collior's Encyclopedia defines translation as the art of covering written or spoken communication from one language into another. a
Catford defines translation as an operation performed on language: a process of substitute a text in one language for a text in another language.a
Roger defines translation as a replacement of a text in one language by an equivalent text in a second language.a
- Kelly defines translation as to replace written text/ language with another, without affecting the source meaning of the original text of mutual understanding.a
Eco defines translation as the reduction of the input into another code (recognizing the recoding). a
Jacobson defines it as the interpretation of verbal science by means of some other languages.a
Tytler defines translation as that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt, by a native of the country to which that language belongs, as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. a
From this, he tells us three 'laws' follow:a
i. That the Translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work
ii. That the style and the manner of writing should be of the same character with that of the original.a
iii. That the Translation should have all the ease of original composition.a
We can conclude that translation implies the process of translating a message from one language to another, taking into account that all the dimensions within the SL in linguistic organization, culture, style, time, intention, feelings etc... reproducing the whole thing smoothly and as closely to the original text as possible in TL.a
Translators
Translators
A competent translator has the following qualities:a
a• a very good knowledge of the language, written and spoken, from which he is translating (the source language); a
a• an excellent command of the language into which he is translating (the target language); a
a• familiarity with the subject matter of the text being translated; a
a• a profound understanding of the etymological and idiomatic correlates between the two languages; and
a• a finely tuned sense of when to metaphrase ("translate literally") and when to paraphrase, so as to assure true rather than spurious equivalents between the
source- and target-language texts.Equivalence:A
Equivalence is a key concept in the process of translating. In fact, we cannot think of translation without taking equivalence into consideration. It should be noted the notion of equivalence relates to even the ordinary sense of the verb to translate. That is why we are often asked to translate our feeling into words and our words into actions, etc. So, the result of any act of translating revolves, in one way or another, around equivalence.A
In general, we can speak of three types of equivalence: Formal, Functional, Ideational equivalence.A
Firstly, formal equivalence seeks to capture the form of the SL expression. Form here relates to the image employed in the SL expression as can be illustrated by the underlined English idiomatic expressions and their underlined formal Arabic equivalents below: A
a. The treaty has remained deadletter since then.A
وقد بقيت المعاهدة حرفاً ميتاً منذ ذلك الوقت.
b. Ali's decision to leave his job for a new one was ill-thought – out of the frying pan into the fire.A
لم يكن قرار علي بترك وظيفته والشروع بأخرى حكيماً- كان كالقافز من المقلاة إلى النار.
Although the Arabic expressions are not natural idioms, they can be theoretically used to demonstrate what is meant by formal equivalence.A
Secondly, we have functional equivalence which seeks to capture the function of the SL expression independently of the image utilized by translating it into a TL expression that performs the same function. This can be illustrated below by the underlined Arabic functional equivalents of the English expressions above:A
a. وقد بقيت المعاهدة حبراً على الورق منذ ذلك الوقت.
b. لم يكن قرار علي بترك وظيفته والشروع بأخرى حكيماً- كان كالمستجير من الرمضاء بالنار.
Sometimes, functional and formal equivalence may coincide to furnish what can be called optimal translatability. The following English proverbs and their Arabic translations illustrate this:A
Birds of a feather flock together.A الطيور على أشكالها تقع.
Out of sight, out of mind.A بعيد من العين بعيد عن الذهن.
Finally, there is ideational equivalence which aims to convey the communicative sense of the SL expression independently of function and form. That is to say, the translator seeks to relay the meaning of the SL expression regardless of functional and formal equivalence. The following two Arabic translations of the English examples involving deadletter and out of the frying pan into the fire reflect this type of equivalence:A
a. ولم يتم تطبيق المعاهدة منذ ذلك الوقت أو وقد بقيت العاهدة غير مفعلة منذ ذلك الوقت.
b. لم يكن قرار علي بترك وظيفته والشروع بأخرى حكيماً- فقد سارت الأمور من سيء إلى أسوأ.
a
المصدر: منتدى الحياة الزوجية | دليل النساء المتزوجات | الثقافة الزوجية والعائلية - من قسم: منتدى اللغات - اللغه الانجليزية - اللغة الفرنسية - اللغة الالمانية
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